Introductory remarks,other steelmaking processes eof energy optimizing furnace process conarc process. It focuses on removing the slugs and other unwanted materials like phosphorus, sulphur, silicon, nitrogen, and excess carbon from the raw iron. Our everyday life, like that of thousands of others around the world, owes a great deal to steel and steel mills. Limiting dissolved gases such as nitrogen and oxygen and entrained impurities in the steel is also important to ensure the quality of the products cast from the liquid steel. Converter process control and technological packages the fundamental basis of high quality process operations our automation systems comprise the complete range of carbon steelmaking converters ld, bof, kobm as well as stainless steelmaking technologies aod, clu and kobms. For lcak steel and if steel, the production process is bofrrhrcontinuous casting cc, and for line pipe steel, the process is bofrrhrlfrcc. Salzgitter the process shown above is illustrative only and is not designed to show the steelmaking process in detail. Basic oxygen steelmaking bos, bop, bof, or osm, also known as linz donawitzsteelmaking or the oxygen converter process is a method of primary steelmaking in which carbonrich molten pig iron is made into steel.
Pdf model for indirect measurements of ld steelmaking process. The basic oxygen furnace bof is a refractorylined, tiltable converter into which a vertically movable, watercooled lance is inserted to blow oxygen through nozzles at. All have their own importance and are employed to produce the required type of steel alloy. In basic oxygen process known as the ld linzdonawitz process. Ld slag, a byproduct of the steel making process is produced during the separation of molten steel slag from impurities in steel making furnaces. In steelmaking, impurities such as nitrogen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur and excess carbon are removed from the sourced iron, and alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, chromium, carbon and vanadium are added to produce different grades of steel. Their developed model depends on a specific procedure which implies monitoring the. Steelmaking is the process of producing steel from iron ore andor scrap.
In germany, ld steelmaking accounts for around 75 % of production, while the electric arc furnace is used for 25 %. The effects of other elements can be estimated by equating them to an additional amount of carbon. There are basically many different steel manufacturing processes like cementation, crucible, bessemer, openhearth and electric process. Converter carbon steelmaking solutions primetals technologies. The austrian steel industry, and more specifically the plants in linz, expected great things from the new steel production process, and a start was also made without delay on marketing it abroad. Basic oxygen furnace route steelmaking costs 2020 conversion costs for bof steelmaking. Since the early 1950s, oxygen steelmaking in a linzdonawitz oxygen steelmaking process ld converter has been the dominant method of. Comparative assessment of ld converter and electric. Ld slag generation at jsw steel ld slag is a waste material by product generated in process of steel making. The ideal steelmaking process would be both continuous and. The open hearth steelmaking process with oxygen lancing normally requires from 4 to 10 hours for each heat. Steel making is the method of processing and producing steel from iron ore and scrap. Pdf this paper describes a statistical approach to modelling the ldsteelmaking process. D converter has a basic lining of magnesite bricks permanent lining and dolomite bricks working lining.
Depending on the quality of the desired steel, molten steel produced in the eaf and bof process goes through some or all of the abovementioned refining processes brand and roesler, 2015. For making steel castings a modification known as a tropenas converter is used, in which the air impinges on the surface of the metal from side tuyeres instead of from the bottom. The article presents a comprehensive explanation regarding all the above mentioned process. A number of recent developments have widened the area of application of the ld, basic oxygen steelmaking process. Converter carbon steelmaking primetals technologies. Our steel is at the heart of the modern world, forming the fabric of life from. Nowadays integrated steelworks are rarely viable at less than 3 million tonnes p. Ld converter is a welded construction of nonageing steel plates 8mm, the height of the vessel varies from 710m. Steel making online course video lectures by iit kanpur. This article describes how these techniques have been used in 12 ld steel plants. The linzdonawitz ld process, developed in austria in 1949, blew oxygen through a lance into the top of a pearshaped vessel.
Ld process is a refining process which is carried out in a ld vesselor ld converterbof. The experimentally observed excess oxygen and carbon in the bulk metal phase is thus helpful in. The steel product is tapped by opening a hole in the base of the furnace with an explosive charge. Top oxygen blowing, widely referred to as the ld converter process, and steelmaking in the electric arc furnace, are nowadays the two most widely used steelmaking processes. Bof steelmaking, oxygen of high purity at least 99. You will take charge of a ladle of molten steel from the basic oxygen furnace bof, and attempt to deliver it to the appropriate caster at the specified time, composition, temperature and inclusion content cleanness. The basic automation systems level 1 for converters. In this simulation you will play the role of plant metallurgist in charge of secondary steelmaking operations.
At the gas bubblemetal interface the reaction is close to equilibrium. Advances in steelmaking steelmaking casting metalworking. Be able to understand basic layout of blast furnace, steelmaking shop and continuous casting process. I thought the ld process replaced the bessemer and the bessemer replaced open hearth. Ld process of stealmaking accounts for 70% of steel production throughout the world. The predicted total costing shown is not meant to represent an.
However, voest and oamg commercialized this method in 195253. The yield of ironsteel slag is about 300 kgtp per ton of pig iron for blast furnace slag and about 100150 kgts per ton of molten steel for steelmaking slag. Nucor, americas largest steel producer, has made its fortune by popularizing the eaf process at a time when scrap steel making became more effective than the bof processes of the very integrated firms in the late 20th century warrian, 602. Slag being a complex solution of silicates and oxides is the free metallics are magnetically separated and the nonmetallic slag left after this is. Blowing oxygen through molten pig iron lowers the carbon content of. Within 40 years, virtually all of the steel in japan and more than half of the steel worldwide was produced by the bop. Nov 14, 2016 the purpose of the basic oxygen steelmaking bos process is to refine the hot metal produced in the blast furnace into raw liquid steel, which may be subsequently refined in the secondary.
Tata steel has over the years, undertaken extensive research in. In steelmaking, impurities such as nitrogen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur and excess carbon most important impurity are removed from the sourced iron, and alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, chromium, carbon and vanadium are added to produce different grades of steel. This book is primarily focused to meet the needs of undergraduate metallurgical students and candidates for associate membership examinations of professional bodies amiim, amie. It is the process of making steel from carbonrich molten pig iron. Jan 14, 2020 steel is the worlds most popular construction material because of its unique combination of durability, workability, and cost. In germany, ld steelmaking accounts for around 75 % of production, while the. These include ore cooling, production of highcarbon and lowalloy steels, and the utilization of highphosphorous hot metal. Directly reduced iron directly reduced iron is a product of iron steel direct reduction from ores in the solid. Steelmaking it is difficult for us in this modern world, to spend one day without a car, bus, refrigerator or elevator. Ironmaking and steelmaking metallurgical and materials. Starting from its invention the process was continuously optimized and improved regarding consumption figures, productivity as well as maintenance and is nowadays used successfully in steel.
It also uses liquid steel from an electric arc furnace eaf or any other similar primary steel making furnace. Slag being a complex solution of silicates and oxides is the free metallics are magnetically separated and the nonmetallic slag left after this is segregated in. Jan 09, 20 since steel making is a dynamic process, the concentration of carbon and oxygen in the bulk metal phase is not in equilibrium with the prevailing co pressure in the bubbles. The bessemer steel process was a method of producing highquality steel by shooting air into molten steel to burn off carbon and other impurities. The perrin process made it possible to dephosphorize, deoxidize or desulphurize steel by pouring it vigorously into molten slag in a ladle, the slag was dispersed in the steel in the form of an. Steel cost modelling notes the steel costing model the economic model shown above is prepared only to shown how liquid steel cost can be calculated through a simple cost benchmarking type approach.
The purpose of the basic oxygen steelmaking bos process is to refine the hot metal produced in the blast furnace into raw liquid steel, which may. Basic oxygen steelmaking bos, bop, bof, or osm, also known as linzdonawitzsteelmaking or the oxygen converter process is a method of primary steelmaking in which carbonrich molten pig iron is made into steel. An ld linz and donawitz refining process can be carried out in an ld vessel and in this process ld converter slag is produced. The process was introduced and developed in 1948 by robert durrer. In japan, some 40 million tons of ironsteel slag are presently produced annu. Steel is the worlds most popular construction material because of its unique combination of durability, workability, and cost. Steel making is designed to give students a strong grounding in the theory and stateoftheart practice of production of steels. Due to various constraints like the complexity of ld process. A considerable portion of austrias iron and steel industry is involved with construction abroad. Figure 1 shows the steel making process and ld slag generation at jsw steel limited.
Directly reduced iron directly reduced iron is a product of. Pdf this paper describes a statistical approach to modelling the ld steelmaking process. In europe the process is known as ld steeimaking, after the. More than half the worlds steel is produced in the basic oxygen process bop, which uses pure oxygen to convert a charge of liquid blastfurnace iron and scrap into steel. Other articles where linzdonawitz process is discussed. Since steel making is a dynamic process, the concentration of carbon and oxygen in the bulk metal phase is not in equilibrium with the prevailing co pressure in the bubbles. Pig iron is divided into steelmaking pig iron, which is intended for further processing to steel by various refining processes, and foundry pig iron, from which cast iron is produced by remelting.
Refractory in steelmaking requirements of refractory material various refractory materials fabrication and types of refractory products emerging trends,clean steel cleanliness assessment. Extreme dangerous biggest heavy duty hammer forging factory, hydraulic steel forging process duration. Arcelormittal is the worlds leading steel and mining company. During the initial stages of development of the bof process, only singlehole lances were used, but with increasing vessel size, multihole lances have come into vogue. Jan 12, 2017 a number of recent developments have widened the area of application of the ld, basic oxygen steelmaking process. How steel is made using the basic oxygen steelmaking process. Basic oxygen furnace based steelmaking processes and. Steel making is mainly concerned with the removal of these impurities.
In the original ld process, oxygen was blown over the top of the molten iron through the watercooled nozzle of a vertical lance. Basic oxygen furnace based steelmaking processes and cleanliness control at baosteel l. Tata steel, lowest cost steel producer, strives to make steel making process more economical, efficient and environmentally sustainable. Pig iron is divided into steel making pig iron, which is intended for further processing to steel by various refining processes, and foundry pig iron, from which cast iron is produced by remelting. According to the world steel association, some of the largest steelproducing countries are china, india, japan, and the u. Ld slag, a byproduct of the steel making process is produced during the separation of molten steel slag from impurities in steelmaking furnaces. Description of the iron and steel industry the production of steel at an integrated iron and steel plant is accomplished using several interrelated processes. The present paper describes industrial clean steel production using the bof based steelmaking process and steel cleanliness control at baosteel.
Steelmaking the refining of iron to make steel is where the carbon content of hot metal is lowered, usually to less than 1 % by an oxidation process in a steelmaking furnace. The steelmaking process belongs to very complicated. Comparative assessment of ld converter and electric arc. How steel is made using the basic oxygen steelmaking. Basic oxygen steelmaking also known as linzdonawitzsteelmaking or the oxygen converter. Feb 23, 2014 this process is also called as basic oxygen process. Direct reduction scrap ladle refining electric arc furnace steelmaking iron ore pellets electric arc furnace steelmaking continuous casting design by cover photo. To develop computational and mathematical abilities to be applied for process design and control. Blowing oxygen through molten pig iron lowers the carbon content of the alloy and changes it into lowcarbon steel. Steel making carbon equivalent to a good approximation, the weldability of steel can be estimated from its chemical composition.
The yield of iron steel slag is about 300 kgtp per ton of pig iron for blast furnace slag and about 100150 kgts per ton of molten steel for steelmaking slag. Mar 07, 2016 nucor, americas largest steel producer, has made its fortune by popularizing the eaf process at a time when scrap steel making became more effective than the bof processes of the very integrated firms in the late 20th century warrian, 602. Advances in steelmaking free ebook download as powerpoint presentation. Whereas mini mills operate successfully at 100,000 tonnes p. Before undertaking a detailed study of the processes involved in steelmaking, it is helpful to have. Thomas4 optical microscopy, total oxygen measurements and slime tests have been conducted to quantify. The name ld converter came after the name of the two austrian towns linz and donawitz. The major development of the clu process was the idea to use superheated steam as the diluting gas instead of argon ar gas which is used in the aod process. The slabs then run through the rolling mills until they are thin and long enough for their intended application. Computer control of ld converter process of steelmaking. In japan, some 40 million tons of iron steel slag are presently produced annu. The basic bessemer process is used a great deal on the continent for making, from a very suitable pig iron, a cheap class of steel, e.
Ld process is a refining process which is carried out in a ld vessel or ld converterbof. The most significant alloying element effecting weldability is carbon. A simplistic overview of the steelmaking process from iron ore to car body manufacturing is followed by an introduction to the south african steel industry and the technologies that it utilizes. Bof, eaf, steelmaking, liquid steel, slag, offgas, scrap, mass balance, energy balance. Dissolution of scrap in hot metal under linzdonawitz ld mdpi. This process is also called as basic oxygen process. In 1952 the linzdonawitz ld process also known as bof process was developed in austria and soon became the standard for iron ore based steelmaking. Influence of ld slag on iron ore sinter properties and. The austrian steel industry, and more specifically the.